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PRINCETON, NJ -- Americans are slightly more likely to say something negative rather than positive when asked what word or phrase comes to mind when they think of "labor unions." By about a 3-to-1 ratio, Republicans have negative rather than positive things to say about labor unions. By better than 2 to 1, Democrats' impressions of unions are more positive than negative.

Americans' responses to the question reveal a less positive picture of labor unions' image than 麻豆传媒AV found last summer on the standard labor union approval question asked since the 1930s. In August 2010, , while 41% said they disapproved. Although more positive than negative, this was the second-lowest union approval rating in 麻豆传媒AV's history, behind only the 48% in 2009.

Unions have been in the news in recent weeks, mostly as a result of the controversial efforts by the governors of Wisconsin and other states to close state budget deficits by severely limiting collective bargaining for state employee unions as well as reducing union members' pay and benefits.

These battles over state employee unions have been highly partisan, with Republican governors typically pitted against Democratic legislators. In Wisconsin, Democratic state senators went so far as to leave the state in an effort to prevent a vote on a proposed law limiting state union bargaining power.

This same type of partisan rift in views of unions is evident in average Americans' word associations. A majority of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (58%) use a word or phrase that 麻豆传媒AV coders classified as negative when they think of labor unions, while 18% said something positive. On the other hand, 49% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents have positive reactions when they think of labor unions; 19% have negative ones.

Word Cloud Reveals Terms Americans Use Most to Describe Unions

The specific words and phrases respondents use when asked about labor unions are detailed in the accompanying word cloud, which arrays verbatim responses based on their frequency of occurrence, and are outlined by category in the accompanying table. Although negative comments outnumber positive ones, overall, the words "good" and "necessary" make up a relatively high percentage of the positive responses, while negative responses are more varied.

Americans' associations of words or phrases with labor unions are understandably diverse. No single image comes to the minds of more than 10% of Americans. The most frequently used category of phrases is "good/great," followed in order by "unnecessary/no longer needed," "for them/approve/in favor," "necessary/needed," and "dislike."

For Democrats, the top 10 responses to "labor union" are mostly positive (such as "good" and "needed") or neutrally descriptive (such as "collective bargaining" and "strikes"):

1. Good/Great
2. Necessary/Needed
3. For them/Approve
4. Workers' rights
5. Unnecessary/No longer needed
6. Protection
7. Against/Oppose/Not for
8. Collective bargaining
9. Powerful
10. (tie) Strikes
    (tie) Dislike

Republicans' top 10 thoughts about unions are mostly negative, although the second-most-common response is "good" or "great:

1. Unnecessary/No longer needed
2. Good/Great
3. Dislike
4. Bad/Unfair
5. Against/Oppose
6. Powerful
7. Corrupt
8. Crooks/Thieves
9. Greed
10. Necessary/Needed

Implications

More than anything else, this word association procedure highlights the fundamentally partisan difference in views of labor unions in America today. Unions have generally supported Democratic candidates in elections and have been viewed as a major ally of the Democratic Party in general. These data confirm that rank-and-file Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents share a generally positive view of unions, with less than 20% having a negative image of them. Republicans across the country, however, are much more negative; more than half associate a negative word or phrase with labor unions.